Marketing Plan Essay - 2411 Words

Company G 1-Year Marketing Plan Assessment Code: 318.1.5-06-15 Student Name: Matt Dee Student ID: Date: April 2015 Mentor Name: Note: This is the version that was accepted in Taskstream. I highly recommend to participate in the WGU cohort for this assignment. Table of Contents Introduction 3 Product Description and Classification 3 Company G Mission Statement 3 Consumer Product Classification 3 Target Market 4 Competitive Situation Analysis 4 Analysis of Competition using Porter’s Five Forces Model 4 SWOT Analysis 5 Strengths 5 Weaknesses 6 Opportunities 6 Threats 6 Market Objectives 7 Product Objective 7 Price Objective 7 Place Objective 7 Promotion Objective 7†¦show more content†¦It also keeps on heating the vehicle interior until the engine has warmed up and can provide a comfortable level of heat for the driver and passengers. The convenience is made up of several aspects. The programmable controller assures that the vehicle interior will be warm at a time specified by the owner. The product is installed out of sight, under the driver or passenger seat by the owner, and does not need professional installation. The warmer has its own battery, so it does not affect the vehicles battery. Once the vehicle engine runs and provides a good source of electricity (alternator), the batteries of the warmer will be recharged through the engines charging system (alternator) via the built-in accessory plugs (cigarette lighters). This is an innovative product because it is all electric, and can be installed by the end-user. Comparable products on the market today use vehicle fuel (gas/diesel) as a source of energy. They are also complex and need to be installed by a professional. 1 Consumer Product Classification The electric vehicle warmer is a shopping product because it is expected that people will spend considerable planning time on the purchase of the product, replace it about every 5-7 years, and pay a relatively high price for the product. The distribution channel length is expected to beShow MoreRelatedA Marketing Plan For A New Marketing Strategy966 Words   |  4 Pagesthe governmental legal requirements and, on the other hand, defines the organization’s policy administration. For a triumphant marketing plan, understanding the government legal approaches allows for efficient operation and inter-relationship with other organization. Similarly, internal legal policies allow the company to uphold its operation in a set manner. 4.0: Marketing Audit A market audit process is a tool that can never be neglected despite the situation. However, very few companies carryRead MoreMarketing Plan For A Small Business2998 Words   |  12 Pagesin detail. †¢ The benefits of TQM when implementing the strategic plan to meet goals or increasing profit within a small business. †¢ The economy’s motivation of small businesses stability as compared to large businesses that are well established, also the financial assistance of other organization including the government. †¢ Different categories of a company and the importance of CRM to any size business. †¢ To compare the marketing plan of a small business and a large business where it reflects theRead MoreMarketing Plan827 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Marketing Business Environment Marketing Planning: An Overview of Marketing 6 main questions to ask in order to create your marketing plan: 1. Where are we now? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 2. How did we get here? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 3. Where are we heading? (Marketing audit, SWOT Analysis) 4. Where would we like to be? (Marketing objectives) 5. How do we get there? (Core Strategy, Marketing mix decisions, Organization, ImplementationRead MoreMarketing Plan3248 Words   |  13 PagesSAMPLE MARKETING PLAN The following pages contain an annotated sample marketing plan for Blue Sky Clothing. At some point in your career, you will likely be involved in writing—or at least contributing to –a marketing plan. And you’ll certainly read many marketing plans throughout your business career. Keep in mind that the plan for Blue Sky is a single example; no one format is used by all companies. Also, the Blue Sky plan has been somewhat condensed to make it easier to annotate and illustrateRead MoreMarketing Plan4753 Words   |  20 Pagesresponsible firm by highlighting its products based on ecotourism, community tourism and sustainable tourism. 2. Situation Analysis Blaze Mountain travels and Tours has been operating for several years now. The trips have been well received, and marketing is now critical to its continued success and future profitability. Blaze Mountain travels and tours offer concepts like ecotourism and sustainable tourism to older tourists and hard adventure trips to the student tourists. This target market appreciatesRead MoreMarketing Plan3688 Words   |  15 PagesSITUATION ANALYSIS The marketing environment for LIMCOMA represents overwhelming opportunities. It also contains some challenges that the firm believes it can meet successfully. An illustration below shows a SWOT analysis of the company to highlight LIMCOMA’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths LIMCOMA’S dedicated founders understand the target market and products. LIMCOMA has achieved distribution in several markets with quick acceptance The firm has a very littleRead MoreMarketing Plan3847 Words   |  16 PagesA marketing plan is a comprehensive blueprint which outlines an organization s overall marketing efforts. A marketing process can be realized by the marketing mix, which is outlined in step 4. The last step in the process is the marketing controlling. The marketing plan can function from two points: strategy and tactics (P. Kotler, K.L. Keller). In most organizations, strategic planning is an annual process, typically covering just the year ahead. Occasionally, a few organizations may look atRead MoreMarketing Planning : The Marketing Plan Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesTo attract mixed segment ther is need to marketing planning is indeed the key to the whole marketing process. The marketing objectives state just where the company intends to be; at some specific time in the future. James Quinn succinctly defined objectives in general as: Goals state what is to be achieved and when results are to be accomplished, but they do not state how the results are to be achieved. They typically relate to what products will be where in what market. They are essentiallyRead MoreMarketing Plan For Subway Marketing1516 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive summary The marketing plan has close ties with the overall financial and business plan. This plan contents a strategy for success, and breaks it down into coherent, actionable components that will aid The Sub Shop to implement marketing activities to provide a firm return on investment. The following areas will help explain how the company plans to differentiate the business and product offering from the competition, and define the strategy that will drive its business forward. The aimRead MoreMarketing Plan1891 Words   |  8 Pagesa breakeven point in the second year after opening the store and become profitable in the third year of being in this business. In the first year, our profits will be low, due to low sales and high distribution, inventory, marketing and advertising and sales expenses. Marketing expenses will be very high in the first year. We have to inform the customers about this new product and get the consumers to try out this new concept. It will take â€Å"Just passin’ Thru† some time to build up the customer base

The Effects of Globalization on Social Work Practices Essay

Globalisation is a broad term that is often defined in economic factors alone. The Dictionary at merriam-webster.com describes globalisation as â€Å"the process of enabling financial markets to operate internationally, largely as a result of deregulation and improved communication.† Also due to deregulation on the financial market, multi-national companies are free to trade and move their businesses to areas where a higher return or profit can be achieved. New technology also enables companies to relocate to areas where labour costs are lower, for instance movement of call centre jobs from the UK to India. Lyons (2006) suggests that globalisation creates push and pull factors. Pull factors may include the recruitment drive of†¦show more content†¦There have been implications on social work practice a result of globalisation. Due to a greater availability of rapid transport it has become easier to cross borders. This brings new social problems for the profession such as human trafficking and migration of asylum seekers and refugees from war torn countries, creating a greater demand on services. The Commonwealth of Australia report (2007) indicates that since civil war broke out in Sudan in 1956, nearly two million people have been displaced and two hundred thousand people have died. Refugees, asylum seekers and UASC are terms which are often used interchangeably but have different legal definitions (Ruxton, 1996). For the purpose of this assignment it is important to differentiate between these terms. A refugee is a person owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country†¦ (Article 1 of the United Convention of Human Rights, 1951). An asylum seeker is â€Å"a person who has left their country of origin, has applied for recognition as a refugee inShow MoreRelatedGlobalization And Its Impact On Socio Economy1701 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization and its Impact on Socio-Economy in India Dr. Mahendra Singh Associate Professor Department of Sociology Madhav University, Pindwara (Rajasthan) Abstract: Globalization was adopted by Indian Government during 1990-91 when Indian Economy was in a very bad shape. It was, however, adopted not as a solution to deteriorating Indian economy but to enable itself to get further foreign exchange loans from World Bank as its foreign exchange reserves were reduced to mere 3 weeks outflow. ToRead MoreCulture Globalization and Its Impact on Recreation Culture1353 Words   |  6 Pagescentury until that day by globalization theory, its concept and future impacts . the scientists opinions had varied about globalization repercussions at rising countries including the Arab and Islamic countries . cultural globalization is one of globalization fields which correlated by cultural side , all life fields impacted by globalization , the sport field is one of fields which impact by social phenomenon what appear on societies , but globalization appearance and its effect on any field will connectedRead MoreImpact of Globalization on Zimbabwean Culture1676 W ords   |  7 PagesGlobalization has had a significant impact on the Zimbabwean culture . Globalization has greatly changed Zimbabwean culture . The effects of globalization on Zimbabwean culture has been quite varied having both positive and negative effects . It is however the writer’s view that globalization has had a largely negative impact on Zimbabwean culture as Rodrik(1971:8) points out that â€Å"globalization creates social and political tensions within andRead MoreThe Many Benefits of Globalization Essays1009 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Globalization is not just one impact of the new technologies that are reshaping the economies of the third millennium† (Thurow 19-31). When speaking of globalization, most people will not have a complete understanding as of what it actually means or what aspects of the world it affects. Globalization promotes free trade and creates jobs. The capital markets attract inv estors, resort cheap labor, and leads to job losses in some areas of higher wage. While all of this is happening, the world economyRead MoreThe Phenomenon of Globalization1498 Words   |  6 PagesA precise definition of the concept of globalization has not been formulated despite the efforts of many experts in a variety of disciplines. Nevertheless, there is little doubt that globalization has begun to take effect throughout the world and that as it develops it has begun to transform the worlds economy, its social structure, and political balance (Roundtree, 2006). How pervasive these changes may be remains to be seen but the fact that they are taking place cannot be denied. As indicatedRead MoreHybridity As The Cultural Effect Of Globalization- Introduction1563 Words   |  7 PagesHybridity as the cultural effect of globalization- Introduction According to Avtar Brah and Annie Coombes, the term hybridity originated as a biological term that was used to describe the outcome of a crossing of two or more plants or species. It is now a term that is used for a wide range of social and cultural phenomena involving mixing, and has become a key concept within cultural criticism and post-colonial theory (A. Brah and A.E. Coombes. 2000.). Marwan Kraidy defines the term as theRead MoreThe Effects of Globalization1678 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Globalization Globalization involves shrinking or reduction of the world as well as an increased consciousness in regards to the world as a whole. Globalization is a term which is used in the description of changes in societies and the economy of the world which results in a dramatic increase in investment, cross border trade s well as cultural exchange. Globalization is dominated by nation states, economies of national and the cultural identities of nations. Globalization createsRead MoreBackground And Culture Of Mexico1209 Words   |  5 Pageshigh value on both the social community and family responsibility. The overall culture in Mexico is vibrant and energetic, with a heavy emphasis on its many holidays and traditions. The food includes staples of corn and wheat tortillas, beans, rice, tomatoes chili peppers, and chorizo. Fuel and mining account for a large piece of the GDP in Mexico, and manufacturing has become a growing industry for the country as well. In this case we will discuss globalization effects and how culture hasRead MoreThe Welfare State and Government Responses to Economic Openness1668 Words   |  7 Pagescapital across borders. With the rise of globalization, positive effects have resulted from economic openness. The widespread benefits of globalization have resulted in global economic growth, prosperity, and have increased the overall standard of living in the world. However, globalization has also been blamed as being the principal culprit for numerous global problems including poverty, wealth disparity, and environmental degradation. The debate over globalization has resulted in a zero-sum game betweenRead MoreSocial Education And The Competent Social Work Practitioner955 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Work Education and the Competent Social Work Practitioner Introduction Social work education needs to focus on teaching global issues and applying the structural and anti-oppressive principles of practice (Razack Badwell, 2006). According to Mohan (2005) stated by Razack Badwell (2006) that the social work profession seems to be silent to teach students to achieve adequate skills to think and act globally. This essay will be divided into five sections. The first section will briefly

Diabetes Education Free Essays

Nowadays, in the field of the diabetes, it is a common scenario that more and more people consider type 2 diabetes as a primary health concern.   For people working with or taking take of persons with diabetes, they are thankful that diabetes care is now getting nationwide recognition.   However, in certain matters, we can observe a lack of investment in continuing learning prospects for practitioners. We will write a custom essay sample on Diabetes Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Cooper et al. (2002), in the year 2000, the Audit Commission recognized a discrepancy in knowledge and understanding regarding diabetes among patients, and a scarcity of evidence-based practice as well. In view of this fact, Cooper et al. (2005) carried out a study to determine the effects of a diabetes-specific health education program. Their research centered on what patients recognize to be valuable and beneficial to them in the educational approach espoused. The study stressed the necessity for an interdisciplinary method to patient education with regards to diabetes. Cooper et al. (2005) said that diabetes nurses have long been leading the activities in underatking such programs. The authors further asserted that the role of these diabetes nurses in cmoing up with a standardized approach to patient education training has to demonstrate good practice founded on research evidence of what works best and what is most applicable. Furthermore, Cooper et al. (2002) claimed that education has been stressed as a primary component of the treatment for diabetics. As a consequence, attention has therefore centered on the necessity for effective and efficient provision of education services that are both accessible and inclusive. Nevertheless, the Audit Commission has recognized gaps in present service provision. In addition, as stated earlier, the Commission likewise discovered serious and critical deficits in knowledge and understanding regarding diabetes among patients, and a scarcity of evidence-based practice. At present, the findings of the Commission are upsetting and disturbing, and this issue is expanded by the concentration on diabetes nurses as the major players in providing such treatment (Cooper et al., 2002.) Given these conditions and because of the constraints in continuing educational prospects it is now a concern if how could we maintain and preserve an informed and dynamic workforce for diabetes care where diabetes practitioners are under pressure (Phillips, 2006). It is also a question if diabetes is not interesting enough for workforce investment save for the pharmaceutical giants.   At present, several diabetes practitioners consider that this source of funding is the lone source that allows further or additional study. Meanwhile, Guirguis et al. (2006) declared that pharmacists could play a significant part in the health of diabetics. They said that an increasing body of research has showed that pharmacists could effectively and successfully offer care to diabetics and in several instances enhance their health outcomes as well.   In addition, Guirguis Chewning (2004) claimed that supposed pharmacy students’ role beliefs and patient reactions were strong predictors of pharmacy students’ reported purpose to inquire regarding the diabetes ABCs someday. In terms of diabetes education, Anderson et al. (2005) said that diabetes educators employ theories constantly, even if they are not conscious of it. The authors said that in order to teach, one should first have certain suppositions regarding how people gain knowledge of the matter and what comprises effective and successful teaching. Hence, the purpose of their study is to assist diabetes educators concerned in research and evaluation on how to choose the proper theories. Their study assessed the four (4) rationales of theories, specifically, description, explanation, control, and prediction, in addition to the extent to which a theory has been expressed and expanded. The authors also evaluated the significance of a theory’s explanatory power, its personal resonance, and its utility. Moreover, their study assessed how to employ one or more theories at every period of an evaluation or research or project. Moreover, Anderson et al. (2005) maintained that theories could be vital instruments for the purpose, comprehension, and carrying out of diabetes patient education research. The authors emphasized that they could be particularly useful in the design and assessment of intervention research as well. Furthermore, educational researchers will take advantage of the implementation of theories that reverberate with their experience, have been expanded by way of reflection and argument with their peers, and have been experimented by means of research. They likewise said that such theories would offer a coherent, powerful, and strong base on which to perform research studies. Moreover, Anderson et al. (2005) claimed that diabetes educators derive benefit from theory-based interventions that can be successfully converted into various settings numerous diabetes educators. Theory-based research that is the basis of effective interventions provides greater understanding of how to be effective educators and enhances the credibility of the profession. Synopsis Based on these studies, I can say that as diabetes received national public health recognition, it is somewhat confusing why investment is not being made to support and also protect the workforce involved in diabetes education in improving excellence in care and upholding care on the cusp of evidence-based delivery. Furthermore, I have learned that diabetes education must not be viewed as a luxury, but instead it should be regarded as a necessity because it is definitely a significant part of the clilical governance program of constant learning. Moreover, it will definitely be advantageous and beneficial for people with diabetes to recognize that the care that is being given to them is up-to-date and that they are being given the best alternatives. # References Anderson, R. et al. (2005).   Choosing and Using Theories in Diabetes Education Research.   The Diabetes Educator. Cooper, H. et al. (2002). Diabetes education: the patient’s perspective.   Journal of Diabetes Nursing. Guirguis, L. et al. (2006). Evaluation of Structured Patient Interactions: The Diabetes Check. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. Guirguis, L. B. Chewning. (2004). Talking to pharmacists about diabetes: How to ask about monitoring clinical targets. Journal of American Pharmaceutical Association. Phillips, A. (June 2006).   Developing the diabetes workforce: no longer a priority? Journal of Diabetes Nursing. How to cite Diabetes Education, Papers

Emergence of Populist Movement free essay sample

While most studies of Populism have focused on regional activities or on its intellectual and social underpinnings, little has been written about the record of this radical party in the national legislature. Now one of our foremost scholars of Populism presents the first comprehensive treatment of the party in Congress, revealing the programs and personalities that shaped and ultimately doomed the movement. Gene Clayton has combed the Congressional Record to document how these visionaries performed on the national stage during that tumultuous decade. He examines the contributions of the fifty Populist escalators elected by sixteen states and one territory from 1891 to 1903-from Senator William Prefer of Kansas to Congressman William Unveiled of Nebraska-to show how they represented the party line on such issues as the gold standard, taxation, immigration, government railways, and the Spanish- American War. Clayton demonstrates that congressional Populism was a positive and humane force in American politics totally distinct from the reactionary political movement that flourishes today under its name. We will write a custom essay sample on Emergence of Populist Movement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He also suggests that the issues which Populist congressmen grappled with and the leslies they advocated have continued to affect us even into the present. Long awaited by scholars of the Populist movement, Claytons book is the crowning achievement of a career of research and shows how these forgotten radicals fit into the sweeping panorama of American politics. Omaha Platform of 1 892 In 1890, farmers elected 5 United States senators, 6 governors, and 46 congressmen. Encouraged by this electoral success, farmers again set their sights on a national coalition.

Henry Ford Essays (1211 words) - Full-size Vehicles, Pickup Trucks

Henry Ford Henry Ford Henry Ford was a genius in many aspects of our everyday life. He changed industry, production, and everybody's lifestyle. Many people know about him inventing some of the first automobiles, but what came out of it for America was a new encouragement for technology and an easier lifestyle for the average American. Also Henry Ford has changed the perspective of industries around the world. His invention of the assembly line and his five-dollar a day wage for the average worker brought about a total new change in factories. Ford's style and ingenuity helped America to be more prosperous and created a large amount of opulence for America in the early 1900's, all because of one man's creativity and determination to achieve a dream that would help out the common man and the entire world. Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863, on a farm a few miles from Detroit. As a boy Henry was very creative and liked to work with tools. However, he hated doing chores and he always wanted to make things easier to do in life. This would be Henry's motto in life, always wanted to make things easier to do in life, at home or work. Ford was so creative that in 1893, he built his first engine and in 1896, he completed what he called the quadricycle, which ran for several years and sold it for $200. Ford had his second car finished in 1898 which was lighter and stronger than most cars around then. Soon enough many automobile companies were looking for somebody like Ford to help get their company going. However, Ford would go into automobile racing and then build his own car company. Ford's years in automobile racing was his way to improve the car and a chance to test it under competition. Soon though, he would get out of racing by a tough minded and ambitious James Couzens, who developed plans for a car company. Couzens was able to start out the company with $28,000 in cash, and $21,000 in notes. The Ford Motor Company came out with the model A, the model B, and the model K in their beginning years. However, most of these cars were too expensive for the common man. So Ford decided that he would make a car that was affordable to the ordinary worker. For a few years, Ford and his technicians began building their next and most important car in history. In 1908, Ford brought out for the first time the Model T. It was an ugly car, seven feet high with false doors and a crank. Even though it was ugly and simple, it was modern and affordable. Actually, it was ahead of it's time. The car could generate it's own electricity for ignition and it had a planetary transmission which allowed women and children to drive it. It was easy to operate and had the most efficient gasoline gauge of it's time. The greatest thing that came out from the Model T, was it's influence in all of America. Since the Model T was the first affordable car, which reached a low of only $260 in 1925, it allowed the average American to own a car now. One thing the Model T helped in was the improvement of the roads. With more people out on the roads, many roads were now being paved, and highways and bridges were being built for cars. Also farmers saw the Model T effective, soon the rural population was brought into the mainstream of technology. It was such a popular car, that over fifteen million were sold all over the world. However, the most important thing the Model T did, was it's impact on connecting the people of America. Bridges, roads, and highways were starting to be built for automobiles. Women were starting to leave the house now more because the Model T was easy to drive. Families could now go on trips and see America. Access to places was easier now, which led to the building of more stores, restaurants, and companies. This car was such a great impact, that the lifestyle we know today was created a lot by one automobile. The Model T, was the most affordable car of it's time, but how Ford was able to make it so affordable was by his production ingenuity. The one greatest invention in industry is the assembly line. Henry Ford had a theory that if cars were manufactured all alike, they could be turned out in larger numbers at a lesser cost. That is

Government of the people, for the people, and by the people essays

Government of the people, for the people, and by the people essays Government of the people, for the people, and by the people Commentary on Donald will find little sympathy in capital SCMP 9/2/2004 Even though the principle of One Country, Two Systems seems to have run well throughout these 6 years in Hong Kong, conflicts still exist when it comes to questions as fundamental as the political structure of the HKSAR. Ever since the July-1 Demonstration last year which over half a million of Hong Kong people took part in, the public and pro-democracy political parties have been voicing their desires of political reforms. What Beijing is putting on our way to the ultimate goal of one man, one vote for the election of the Chief Executive, ironical enough, is Basic Law - the Constitutional legal document that has stated clearly that the limited degree of democracy in the current political system would one day be broadened to full democracy. It is true that democracy seldom works out in Chinese societies. Taiwan is probably the only Chinese region in the world that practices full democracy, despite numerous flaws in the system that often make the headlines. Singapore is one of the freest economies around the globe, but has one of the strictest governments that even cares about how her people get dates. China is the least probable to practice democracy, or even any kind of system close to that, because of the Communist Party which is autocratic in nature and the generally low education level of the people. Corruption is another issue in the Mainland. Though the government claims the situation has improved significantly, once for a while we still hear news of high government officials being bribed and cases involving millions of dollars. As for Macau, the other SAR just an hour of ferry away from the HKSAR, her people dont seem to be very enthusiastic in introducing the idea of full democracy into their regime. That expl ains why her government doesnt...

Textbook-Related Activities Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6750 words - 1

Textbook-Related Activities - Coursework Example In accordance with Richardson et al (2006), PAR activities implemented during the lessons of History by the teacher are the following: Preparation activities: It is possible to use a digital camera; websites in order to evoke interest among students to the subject of the lesson. Assistance activities: it is necessary to guide young learners in their virtual trip and indicate helpful websites that would assist them to get the content of the lesson. Moreover, with the help of online conferences it is possible to communicate with other students from other schools and enrich their outlook and give to them a chance to share their creative potential with other students. Reflection activities: it is possible to implement software assistance in the learning of the subject of History for the students. Web-resources are helpful when the students are getting acquainted with the content of history lessons. Activity One During the First Lesson on the topic â€Å"The Great Depression† an in troductive activity is introduced. Its title is: â€Å"What is Great Depression?† The students must be properly informed about the drastic events that occurred during the period of the Great Depression. For this purpose, software is used.... 66, No. 1). There are four reminiscences of people about the Great Depression. A teacher can share these 4 stories among the students. Each group of students requires 20 minutes approximately to get acquainted with these short stories. Then one representative from the student’s group has an ability to express his/her ideas and emotions about what was the life like during the Great Depression. Activity Three In the end of the lesson, a teacher may ask to work at home and to read selected pages from historical fiction about the Great Depression Bud, Not Buddy(Christopher Paul Curtis, NY: Delacorte Press, 1999 or Duffy's Rocks  (Edward Fenton, Pittsburgh, PA: Golden Triangle Books, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1999). In the result of their Preparation Activity at home, they would come to the Second Lesson with reports of their personal reflections. Activity Four The teacher starts up the Second Lesson with her own explanations about the information from these two books (Assi stance Activity). Then, boys and girls from two different groups share their personal ideas about the material they managed to read for the Second Lesson. Thus, Activity of Reflection occurs again. In the process of their discussion about the fiction they have read the students can share their ideas about the information they gained and share their creative potential, as well as develop their communicative skills. Activity five This creative activity implies that students get acquainted with the Bungalow Plan of 303. For example: The teacher provides the students with this sample and asks them to draw plans of their homes in class. With the help of a pencil and a ruler, a student should draw his home plan in 20 minutes. This task is beneficial for

Trust Situation paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trust Situation paper - Assignment Example Not until this is achieved that one will receive an annual income from the fund. Before this time the trustee (may be a bank), manages the fund in a manner appropriate to the trust funds specifications. After this time, the beneficially will usually receive allowance may be for living expenses and or educational expenses (Matthews, 2006). A trust may be revocable or irrevocable. A revocable trust provides for any modification or termination without the permission of the beneficiary. After grantor, has transferred all or part of his assets into the trust, he as from that effect withdraws all his rights of ownership from the assets and the trust. Mr. Raymond has a recoverable Trust, this means that he can alter the terms of the trust or even terminate it without consultation with his children who are the beneficiaries of the trust. A recoverable trust allows the grantor to change the terms of the trust or take the property back at any time (Hayton, 2005). This is not in accordance with the interest of the beneficiaries, and therefore it raises concern to the children of Mr. and Mrs. Raymond. (2) In harmony with the terms of the agreement, the trustee will distribute benefits to the trust beneficiaries or as per the orders from the grantor who can at any time change the terms of the trust. The trustee (bank) as the holder of the property is all times required to act in the best motive of maximizing the trust benefits. This responsibility of loyalty to clients is referred to as a fiduciary obligation, and it places a high reliance standard of care and expectations upon the trustee (bank) (Matthews, 2006). The copies of the bank statements indicate that there have been massive withdrawals for the trust by Mr. Raymond although the trust investment has been positive. This can be attributed to the manner in which Mr. Raymond has been spending on the many trips he takes to visit his children and also for leisure overseas. When the trust funds are

Question about the novel The outsider Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Question about the novel The outsider - Essay Example As the storyline continues to unfold, we see many adolescents as irrational. They act without thinking just as is the case with Ponyboy when he finds the church on fire. He jumps out of the car, runs and enters into the burning church intending to rescue the children (Hinton 6). He does this without thinking about his safety and because he has no skills on firefighting, and also because he does not have the right outfit for fire rescue. Pony agrees with this assessment; that he is not reasonable when he says that he sometimes does not think. Adolescence is a phase in life when a teenager considers himself/ herself as an adult and expects to be treated as one. The reality is, they are still teenagers and are under control and guidance to others with parents, and teachers. Therefore when their elders advise them on how to live, the teens start to feel like the elders are dictating them on how to live their lives. The loss of control makes teens feel life is not fair. For instance, Ponyboy knows that he is not safe walking on the streets of his neighborhood, but he still does it. Adolescents also have another behavior of bullying others as well as defending themselves, for example in the outsider, as Ponyboy comes from strolling he is attacked by a gang. Also, Pony is thinking of how he can defend himself and is looking around for a pop bottle or stick or something anything to defend himself. It is at this point that we hear Pony remembering how Steve Randle, had once held off four guys with a busted pop bottle. Such, and other examples in the book go a long way in showing us that adolescents have a bullying habit and are also

What is Religion?

What is Religion? Religion is a special form of awareness of the surrounding world, which is based on the belief in the existence of one (or more) of the gods. It includes a set of moral and ethical conduct, which are usually reflected in the sacred texts. Religions emerged in the form of different beliefs, that appeared almost simultaneously with the emergence of mankind. Despite lacking a clear organization like modern religions, it has always played a prominent role in different societies.[1] Even though, we usually see religion as the belief in one or more gods, this is not always the case. In Buddhism, for example, there are no deities. However, like other religions, Buddhism strongly asserts the existence of a spiritual reality, which is separated from everyday life of the material world. Consequently, perhaps, those who, by their own assurances, believe in the existence of the spiritual world should be called religious people. However, this is not necessarily true: religion, at least partially, can be institutionalized gathering in the shadow of their communities of those who join similar or common beliefs. However, the presence of the community is only one side of religion. Among others lay faith personal beliefs and feelings of reverence and veneration; the cult rites and church premises, collective prayer, and so on, norms moral rules and prohibitions, as well as notions of sin and holiness. However, this does not make religion an ideology. Like religion, ideology such as Nazism or communism require their followers absolute loyalty and direct follow of dogma, but do not need gods or special spirituality. Religion is not magic either. Magic fans believe, that certain rituals produce the desired changes in the material world without interfering with what is happening on the part of a deity. Religious people, on the contrary, pray about something, believing that only God is able to help put their prayers into reality. Religion can also be viewed as a cultural phenomenon, characteristic of various human societies with their system of values and fundamental myths. Some religions, such as Christianity or Islam, affirm their universality, and insist on their own exceptionalism and its special position in the world. Nevertheless, even Christianity and Islam can be seen as a product of historical development under certain conditions.   People throughout the ages have tried to answer the question about the essence of religion. Theologians, base the definition on the value of the word religion, that in Latin means connection. It is about the relationship between God and man. One of the Orthodox dogmatic teachings asserted that religion is a contract or union between God and man.[2] But, to agree with this explanation of religion is impossible, as it is impossible to agree with the simplistic interpretation of the fact, that religion is a fraud and a charlatan. Marxism suggests a scientific definition of religion. Exploring the laws of development of human society, the classics of Marxism-Leninism revealed the social essence of religion. We have convincingly shown that religion   is, for example, politics, law, morality, science, art is a form of social consciousness.[3] Each of the forms of social consciousness reflects a certain aspect of the life of society. Politics, for example, reflects the relations between classes, states, nations, morality the moral qualities of people. In other words, peoples consciousness reflects the objective world. However, this may be a reflection of true and false. Religion is a specific form of social consciousness, which always reflect objective reality as false, ugly, distorted. As Engels pointed out, All religion, however, is nothing but the fantastic reflection in mens minds of those external forces which control their daily life, a reflection in which the terrestrial forces assume the form of supernatural forces.[4] This is manifested in the peoples faith in the real existence of God, as well as different kinds of spirits, angels, demons, faith in supernatural connection between the real existing material objects and their properties. The definition of religion also includes representations, a system view of the world, expressed in the so-called holy books containing various myths, regulations and instructions, as well as by word of mouth of the mythical images, visions, paintings, based on a belief in the supernatural. Another element of religion are the sentiments of the faith. Religion can possess not only thoughts but also feelings of people. Theologians argue that man is born with the religious feelings, that is, with a ready ability to communicate with the supernatural, to feel the power of God, to see and feel his actions. Science denies the allegations and says religious ecstasy, fanaticism, and feelings of believers perversion of healthy human psyche that occurs under the influence of religious beliefs. Specificity of religious feelings is that, they are directed at the fictional, supernatural objects, rather than actually existing ones. The third element of religion is actions. Theologians say that the supernatural world cannot be known by human reason, it is necessary to believe in it, despite the arguments of science and reason, reject the existence of God. Therefore centuries elaborated and corresponding patterns of human behavior, customs and traditions passed down from generation to generation, performing religious rites and rituals following different regulations. All these actions are called worshipping.[5] When talking about religion, the existence of specific groups of people clergy should also be considered. Together with the faith, they constitute a special community or religious organization called the Church. For example, the Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, and so on. The clergy is promoting beliefs and worship. However, the existence of the clergy cannot be regarded as an indispensable element of religion: there are religious organizations, that do not have a permanent priesthood.[6] Thus, religion and belief is what connects the human with the divine world and gives the person a special state of inner warmth, tranquility and confidence because he does not feel alien to the divine forces that surrounds it. He does not feel thrown out in front of the meaninglessness of life. Life becomes meaningful with its purpose to union with God. It becomes clear and positive. We can say, that religion is one of the universal cultural mechanisms of regulation of human activity, it is through the actions of religious system organizes daily life, with the help of the development of doctrine structures the world, that makes us think about the basics and the meaning of our own life. [1] Kucheman, Cark, Religion, Culture, and Religious Socialism, The Journal of Religion, Jul 1972 [2] Holy Bible [3] Bauer, Andrea, The Marxist view: In the beginning was the World, Apr 2006 [4] Engels, Frederick, Anti-Dà ¼hring, Part III: Socialism, Ch. 5, 1877 [5] Wellman, James, Religon, Ideology, and Belief, Oxford Scholarship Online, Sep 2008 [6] Ibid

Global Warming Essay -- Environment Global Warming Climate Change

Global Warming Global Warming is an important ecological issue and has many negative effects upon our environment. Global Warming, or what has been called the Greenhouse effect, is the result of a fourfold ecological process. 1-Sunlight radiates from the sun, through space, to Earth’s atmosphere. 2- The sunlight enters the atmosphere and hits Earth. Some of it turns into heat energy in the form of infrared light. The heat gets absorbed by surrounding air and land, which in turn makes it warm. 3- Infrared rays, that are remitted into the atmosphere are trapped by greenhouse gases. 4- The gas then absorbs the light and is remitted back to the Earth’s surface and warms it even more. Left on it's own this natural process keeps our planet warm enough for habitation, but with the increases in temperature, caused by modern industry, our current way of life could become threatened. Over the past 100 years the emissions of greenhouse gases have been increasing due to increases in technology and human developments. Modern factories and production plants have been responsible for d...

Fetal Humanity and Brain Function Essay

Baruch Brody begins his argument by making assumptions that a fetus, being a human being must acquire all the essential properties of a human being, such that the loss of any would lead to out of existence or death. Thus, the essential property of a human being is the property whereby the loss would result in the death of the human being. From the Brain-Death theory, death is defined as an irreparable cessation of brain function. Therefore, it follows that a fetus becomes a human being when it possesses the essential property of a human being that is, having a brain that has not suffered irreparable cessation of function. To reinforce this conviction, he added that by the sixth week of conception, when the fetus possesses a functioning brain, all the other properties that are required for being human are also present. However, when the fetus acquires all the necessary properties by the sixth week, the fetal brain is still not developed to support spontaneous motion until the third month. Some may argue that the fetus does not comes into humanity until the point of spontaneous movement, so it would be precise to say that fetus becomes a human being at some time between the sixth and twelfth week after its conception. According to Ramsey’s theory of death, human being goes out of existence or dies only when all the essential properties of being human- that is, the possession of the brain, heart and lung- suffer irreparable cessation of function. And the fetus becomes a human when it acquires any one of the properties. The fetal heart is developed at the second week, prior to the brain and lung. Thus, based on the theory of essentialism, the fetus becomes a human being at week two. However, as there are progressive developments in the functioning of the fetal heart, it would be more accurate to conclude that the fetus becomes a human being some time between the second and twelfth week of conception. Between the second and twelfth week after conception, the fetus becomes a human being and right to life should prevail. Since it is morally impermissible to intentionally kill a human being, abortion is immoral unless in unusual circumstances. Therefore, it is concluded that moral opposition to abortions is based on human-rights. Evaluation of the argument Baruch Brody attempted to prove that abortion is morally impermissible by showing that a fetus is actually a human being and holds the right to life. Using the brain-death theory and Ramsey’s theory of death, he argues that the fetus becomes a human being not at the moment of conception or at the moment of birth, whereas it is some time between the second week and twelfth week of conception. This is period when the fetus develops its heart, brain and lungs. Once one of these organs starts functioning, it becomes a human being and the right to life should prevail. First, consider the assumption Brody made. It is reasonable to believe that the loss of the essential property of a human being would entail the human being’s death. Then, based on the Brain-Death theory, he associated the property necessary for being a human with having a functioning brain. However, this creates a fallacy. The Brain-Death theory states that â€Å"as long as there has not been an irreparable cessation of brain function, the person continues to exist†, does not equate to the person die if there has been an irreparable cessation of his brain. Hence, the conclusion is not true although the given premises are true. Next, Brody invalidated the claims that other properties such as movement, being perceivable to others and viability are essential properties of human beings. The analogies he presented convinced us that these claims are not necessary properties of being a human. He further explained that when the brain operates, all other properties essential for being human are already acquired. Therefore, it can be deduced that the main required property of being a human is having a functioning brain. Finally, as there are progressive stages in the physical development and function of the brain, the fetal brain can only support spontaneous motion in the third month after conception. Brody concluded that the fetus becomes a human being at some time between the end of the sixth week twelfth week after its development. There seemed to have an inconsistency with this conclusion and the proposed claim that the possession of a functioning brain is the only property essential to humanity. Baruch Brody also adopted the Ramsey’s theory of death stating that human being goes out of existence when all the essential properties of being human- that is, the possession of the brain, heart and lung- suffer irreparable cessation of function. This premise is very convincing to prove that the loss of all the essential properties of a human being would entail the human being’s death. The claim that the fetus becomes a human when it acquires any one of the properties is ambiguous and does not seem to be valid. Since the heart is a vital organ for living, it is true that the fetus becomes a human being when it develops a heart. And in all cases, the fetal heart would develop first followed by the brain and lungs. However, it is not right to assume that the fetus becomes a human being when it possesses any one of the properties. Suppose the lungs develop first, the body of the fetus is not able to operate without the functioning of the heart. Hence, it is only right to conclude that the fetus becomes a human being when the essential property of a functioning heart is acquired. The fetal heart starts operating at week two and since there is no precise period of time the fetus becomes a human being, following the theory of essentialism, it is concluded that the fetus becomes a human being with the right to life some time between the second and twelfth week after conception. In order not to provide false premises as there is no specific time, this inference is acceptable. With that, Brody summed up his argument stating that after that point, the fetus is a human being with the right to life. Thus, abortion is morally impermissible except in rather unusual circumstances. Brody proved that a fetus becomes a human being and should be entitled to the right to life. It follows that abortion is immoral seeing intentionally terminating a human’s life is immoral. Even though Brody did not consider theological terms in this argument, there are some missing premises. He did not explicitly define the term â€Å"unusual circumstances†. And since Brody proved that the fetus has the right to life and killing a life is immoral, abortion should be morally impermissible in any case.

Leadership Vision Paper Essay

The vision statement continues the expression of the desired service and the level of achievement necessary to achieve the mission. The values selected are those that support example of innovation-based mission, vision, and values statement (Porter-O’Grady & Malloch, 2011.) My vision statement is: To treat all patients with dignity and respect at all times. To explain not only what I am about to do for them, but why. I will provide Evidence-based research, when available, for their knowledge. I will allow them autonomy, in their decisions. I will provide each patient compassion and empathy, at all times. I will remember they are a person not just a patient. We will come to understand the vision through the various sections of this paper. The sections are: Key concepts of vision, Critique of evidence, Importance in nursing and lastly, the Summary. Key concepts of vision I believe that when a patient is given the evidence-based information in a clear and concise manner, they are in a better position to make better medical decisions. While I am providing each patient with evidence-based research, I am proving them with the necessary tools to make the informed decisions. In turn, giving them the autonomy they deserve. Being respectful, showing empathy and compassion are all easy tasks to perform, when the patient is thought of as a person, not just a patient. An example would be when I explain why I am about to perform some task, not simply that I am going to perform the task. I need to ask permission of the patient, giving them the opportunity to reject the task. It may be in their best interest to have the task performed, but, if I respect them, then I will respect their decision. Critique of evidence In an article titled, Toward the ‘Tipping Point’: Decision Aids and Informed patient Choice, â€Å"there is strong evidence that patient decision aids not only improve decision quality but also prevent the overuse of options that informed patients do not value†. Which I believe aids in better patient satisfaction. Policymakers increasingly believe that encouraging patients to play a more active role in their health care could improve quality, efficiency, and health outcomes (Coulter & Ellins, 2007). Another area that I have an important stance on is that the patient is a person, not just a patient. In an article by Danielle Ofri, she talks about a crowded waiting area where the medical assistant is yelling out the patient’s name, so cattle-like. â€Å"Nevertheless it feels horrible to me, so demeaning, like we’re in the DMV instead of a medical clinic. I want the environment to be more humane, more civilized, and so when I go out to call a patient, I use a much softer voice, with a tone that I hope conveys more respect.† Importance to nursing According to Lesly Simmons, a blogger for Georgetown University, the Nursing profession is the most ethical and honest profession for the 11th year in the Gallup survey. â€Å"Nurses have been the highest ranked profession for 11 out of 12 years.† So why is that? Nurses consistently capture patient and public trust by performing in accordance with a Code of Ethics for Nurses that supports the best interests of patients, families, and communities. They often are the strongest advocates for patients who are vulnerable and in need of support (Sachs & Jones, 2012). Summary Treating the patient as a person shows the patient that I respect them as a person. When I respect them as a person, I have more compassion and empathy for them. When I have empathy, compassion and respect for them, I can help them make better choices. By giving them evidence-based research I am providing them with the tools so they can be more informed. By being more informed, they have a better understanding of their situation. By them understanding their situation, they will then have autonomy. Allowing the patient autonomy, gains respect from the patient for the nurse. Hence, making the nursing profession the most honest and ethical profession over the last decade. So, I continue to keep my vision statement close at hand. References Coulter, Angela., & Ellins, Jo. (2007). Effectiveness of strategies for informing, educating and involving patients. BMJ 2007;335:24 O’Connor, A. M., Wennberg, J. E., Legare, F., Llewelllyn-Thomas, H. A., Moulton, B. W., Sepucha, K. R.,Sodano, A. G., & King, J. S. (2007). Toward the ‘Tipping Point’:Decision Aids and Informed Patient Choice. Health Affairs. May 2007. Vol. 26(3) p716-725. Ofri, Danielle. (2012). Humanizing Medicine and Respecting the Patient. A Sweet Life. January 19, 2012. Retrieved on January 16, 2013 from http://asweetlife.org/feature/humanizing-medicine-and-respecting-the-patient/ Porter-O’grady, T., & Malloch, K. (2011). Quantum leadership: Advancing innovativion, transforming health care. Strategies to integrate and advance innovation. 3rd ed. p149. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett. Sachs, Adam & Jones, Jemarion. (2012). Nurses Earn Highest Ranking Ever, Remain Most Ethical of Professions in Poll ANA Urges Policymakers to Listen to Nurses on Health Care Policy, Funding. American Nurses Association. News Release December 4, 2012. Simmons, Lesly. (2011). Nurses Most Respected Profession for 11th Year. Nursing@Georgetown Blog. May 16th, 2011.

Boiling points essays

Boiling points essays Boiling Points and Intermolecular Forces Introduction: Intermolecular force is the force of attraction and repulsion between molecules. They are much weaker than covalent bonds. When boiling a liquid to form a gas, the intermolecular forces are broken not the covalent bonds. A molecular compound that has strong Van der Waals forces will also have a higher boiling point since more energy is required to break the intermolecular bonds. (Notes) Purpose: To test the theory and rules for London and dipole-dipole forces. Question: What trend in boiling points of the hydrogen compounds of elements in groups 14-17? Hypothesis/Prediction: According to dipole-dipole attractions attractive forces are between polar molecules which have higher electronegetivity difference. And only H2O and HF are the polar molecules in group 16 and 17 which means they have the chances of larger dipole moments in the molecules with greater attraction between molecules. Since we know that the strength of the London forces depends on the number of electrons and boiling point increases as the number of electrons increases. And as we see in the groups in each group the number of electrons increases and also the same one repeats itself, but some molecules in it are also polar like HF and H2O. And so when a polar molecule that has the same number of electrons as a non- polar molecule will have higher boiling points due to dipole- dipole forces. And thus it is predicted that the boiling point increases as the of electrons increases in each group. c) The trend in boiling points of the hydrogen compounds of elements in groups 14-17 is that as the total number of electrons increases in the same group and boiling point also increases and also as the group increases the boiling point also increases as they are all non- polar and their number of electrons also increase as it goes down the same group. But there are two exceptions in that t ...

The Leader's role in effective governance of organisations Essay

The Leader's role in effective governance of organisations - Essay Example Among humans leaders appear in a variety of roles and include politics, business, religion, and other social factors. In such a scenario, absence of effective leadership will eventually lead to the destruction or at least decay in a group or society. Due to their superior intelligence, many styles and forms of leadership have evolved in the world of humans. This has also resulted in leadership being the subject of study by various scholars and theorists over a period of time. This paper is a study of leadership and corporate responsibility in business organizations and will look at a broad range of features, factors, and issues with regard to its influence in an organizational setting. Corporate governance is of great importance and focus in the world of business today. Undoubtedly, it has become one of the hot topics for writers and academicians. However, there is no consensus as to what constitutes CG. An academic paper points out, in this context that â€Å"Most academics, business professionals, and lay observers would agree that CG is defined as the general set of customs, regulations, habits, and laws that determine to what end a firm should be run. Much more fraught, however, is the question: â€Å"what defines good corporate governance†Ã‚  (Corporate Governance, 2006)?  Corporations unlike its smaller counterparts like sole proprietorships, partnerships, and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are much larger and hence more complex to govern. Even though no owner or partner can avoid the concept of good governance, the consequences of a smaller firm being unsuccessful due to poor practices is much lower when compared to larger corporations. One o f the main reasons is that the number of stakeholders who are affected is comparatively huge in the case of corporations. In this case, the stakeholders are comprised of the employees, the shareholders, the local governing bodies, the creditors, other contractual partners, any

A Causal Relationship Between Imagination and Knowledge Essay

A Causal Relationship Between Imagination and Knowledge - Essay Example The power of imagination involves a number of aspects which include reasoning, reflection and thinking. It has often been said that what makes the difference between humans and other animals is the ability to imagine through reasoning. The reasoning is a process by which beings draw conclusions or reach decisions based on the strength of imagining. The imagination may be beliefs or observations. Being rational is understanding that forms facts or beliefs that make others follow, and using understanding to make decisions and judgments. Another ability that evidently belongs only to human animals is the ability to reflect. Reflecting is part of imagination which means giving deep, serious and total concentration when doing something. For example, when someone is thinking reflectively, she does not just make up her mind on impulse, but considers alternatives, thinks about consequences, weighs up available evidence, and so on (Ernst & Maureen, 103). Another aspect of reflective imaginati on is critical thinking and problem-solving. One very valuable form of imagination can be described as ‘thinking about thinking’ the reflective thinker does not just think about the problem to be solved, the decision to be made, or the argument to be won, but also the reasoning processes that go into those activities. Reflecting in the way we think allows us to evaluate how effective our thinking is, what its strength is, where it sometimes goes wrong and most important of all, how it might be improved.

Structure paper of presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Structure paper of presentation - Essay Example At a sore of 30 China features a low score on uncertainty shunning. Truth could also be relative although within the immediate social circles theres concern for Truth with a capital T and rules (but not essentially laws) abound. At a score of twenty China could be a extremely collectivist culture wherever individuals act within the interests of the cluster and not essentially of themselves. In-group considerations have an effect on hiring and promotions with nearer in-groups (such as family) are becoming discriminatory treatment. Worker commitment to the organization (but not essentially to the folks within the organization) is low. Whereas relationships with colleagues are cooperative for in-groups theyre cold or maybe hostile to out-groups. Personal relationships prevail over task and company. At sixty six China could be a masculine society –success minded and driven. The necessity to make sure success may be exemplified by the actual fact that a lot of Chinese can sacrifice family and leisure priorities to work. People are influenced by formal authority and sanctions and are normally optimistic regarding people’s capability for leadership and initiative. Individuals must not have aspirations exceeding their rank. The justice system ought to even have effective mechanisms for reducing, or altogether eliminating, scoundrel and corrupt parts of enforcement agencies. (Hedging against currency risk will add tier of safety to your offshore investments (Charles, 2002). Traditions are often custom-made to suit new conditions. Chinese folks acknowledge that government is by men instead of as within the Low LTO countries by an external influence like God or the law. Thinking ways in which specialize in the total or no confidence, contrastive with low LTO countries that suppose in probabilistic ways. There is abundant labour in

Many Teenagers Run Away from Home Essay Example for Free

Many Teenagers Run Away from Home Essay Each year, many teenagers run away from home. Why do you think are their chief causes? There are many teenagers who run away from their home. Recently the problem of teenagers running away from home is getting more and more serious. This happens in big cities and small towns, and our country is no exception. Each year, many teenagers run away from their families. But it all depends on the person. The main reasons of teenagers’ running away are in surrounding community. The closest people in the world are our family. But if there are some problems in family, then person, especially teenager, who is formed own current psyche, escape from the hopelessness. Nowadays it is very difficult to live with the society around us. Many people try to find a benefit only for themselves, trying to deceive someone in order to satisfy their needs. They deceive each other without thinking that makes a pain and mental injury. There are several reasons why teenagers run away from home, normally these reasons are related to conditions in the families, bad influence of their friends and financial problem. The first cause of running away is conditions in the family. One of the reasons is because they come from broken homes where their parents are divorced. They do not get enough love and care from their parents. As a result, they will go and find love and care elsewhere. Some parents have the habit of quarrelling in front of their children. The children feel ashamed of their parents and cannot stand this kind of environment. In the end they run away from home. Some parents are too strict with their children. They always punished, scold and lecture their children. They also put too much pressure on their children especially in their studies. Actually they should encourage and guide them more instead of putting unrealistic goals on their lives. Most teenagers do not like to be restricted and treated like children. They want to have their own freedom. They like to be creative and learn things for themselves. To overcome the problem, parents should learn how to care and love their children. They need to be sensitive and careful not to do certain things in front of the children. For example, if they have conflicts among themselves, they need to settle it on their own first instead of arguing or quarrelling in front of their children. In many families children are afraid of talking to their parents and asking them for what they want. For this reason the misunderstandings between them grow bigger and bigger. This often ends in a big quarrel. The second reason that leads to run away teenagers from their home is bad influence of their friends. They find their own way of escape by running away from home. They tend to spend their time with their friends than staying at home. That is the beginning of the problem. If they mix with the wrong group of friends, they will get involve with all kinds of wrong activities. For example, under the influence of bad friends, teenagers who escape from home may fall under alcohol dependence. Teenagers abuse alcohol. They seem to be getting a hold of alcohol at a younger and younger age. Since alcohol is used to celebrate and have fun, teens that abuse alcohol most likely has no idea of the affect alcohol and its abuse can have on their bodies. If they find bad friends that influence of them, they begin to offer drinking and in the end teens used to drink and become an alcoholics. Then finish their life in the street. Also teens may become drug addict, which in turn lead to depression and suicide. The most common reason why teenagers use drug is to relieve stress. Many of them have to suffer stress from family condition. One of the explanations is that drugs users have a poor family life. The majority of drug users have had an unhappy childhood which includes cruel punishment and parental neglect. Many teenagers become a fraudster and a thief when the run away from home. Thus the undergrowths, which are associated with bad friends, began to becoming fraudsters or steal on the street. Eventually they are arrested for petty theft and in the future they have no chance to make something of life, because they have a criminal past. The last cause of teenagers running away is financial problem. The most teenagers run away from their house for financial problem in the family. Mendicancy is big problem nowadays, especially in our country. A lot of people standing on the street and ask money. Most of them teenagers, I am sure that they have family and house, but anyway the escape from their home. The main reason it is financial problem. They become a thief and begin to stealing bags, wallets, mobile phones and others valuable things. If someone steals so they can survive or to help other people that are in need then in most cases its alright. To steal just because they didnt want to pay for something even though theyre capable then its wrong. These people should be punished in order to learn that they were wrong for stealing. But these teenagers who have home and family, who must study, help parents, they should not steal. But others teenagers find not good pay jobs, such as water in cheap cafes, cleaner, job in car washing, janitor and so on. They need the money, but they have not opportunity and choice and they have to work in such jobs as these. They have not education and no one can help them with good job. Every teenager who run away from home, have made a bad decision. They got themselves under the pressures that they felt the need to escape from. Instead of facing their problem and solving it, they chose to run from it. When they have the right decision to change some of the things that may be going on in their lives, the pressure lessens, and there is no more need for them to escape. If they learn to solve their problem and their parents will help them to do so, without cursing and impose their goals and solutions, then the escape of teenagers reduced many times. In conclusion, there are so many teenagers who run away from their families. There are many reasons for it, but one solution parents must be more careful, understanding and loving. If parents will pay enough attention to their children, the children answered them reciprocate and they the same as apply to their children in the future. For teenagers is very important parents’ attention, their understanding and advice. Parents should only speak with their child and all this will not happen. I think the main problem of this issue is misunderstood of our parents, because they forget that they also be teenagers, they want fence in all things. But this lead to lies quarrels and finally escapes from home.

Periodontal Health Knowledge and Awareness in Pregnancies

Periodontal Health Knowledge and Awareness in Pregnancies Title: Periodontal Health knowledge and awareness among pregnant females in Bangalore, India ABSTRACT There is plenty of evidence in the literature suggesting an association between periodontal diseases, pregnancy and even preterm low birth weight deliveries. The correlation has been expanded from periodontitis and preterm birth to various forms of periodontal infections and adverse pregnancy outcome, preterm birth, low birthweight, stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth retardation and pre-eclampsia. Aims and Objective:  The purpose of this study was to assess the awareness regarding periodontal health among pregnant females in Bangalore, India. Materials and Method: Three hundred pregnant female patients who visited the OPD of Gynaecology Department of Government Hospital, K.R. Puram, Bangalore was evaluated for oral hygiene status. Awareness of the relationship between oral health and pregnancy, demographics, oral health knowledge, oral hygiene, and dental visits during pregnancy and their willingness for treatment was surveyed by self administered questionnaire from the patients who were willing to participate in the study. The data were collected, summarized and statistically analyzed. Results: Awareness among pregnant women was found to be statistically non significant (p value > 0.05) irrespective of the age and educational qualifications (p value> 0.05). Conclusion: Knowledge and awareness regarding periodontal disease, and its effect on the pregnancy and birth outcome are limited. Key words- Pregnancy, Awareness, Periodontal Health INTRODUCTION Women’s life cycle changes presents unique challenges to the oral health care profession. Hormonal influences associated with the reproductive process alter periodontal and oral tissue responses to local factors creating diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. It is imperative, therefore, that clinician recognize, customize and vary periodontal therapy, according to an individual female and the stage of her life cycle.1 Apart from the underlying systemic diseases, ceratin physiological condition can also aggravate the underlying gingival status, especially when the oral hyagiene is poor. Pregnancy being one of these conditions, is a time when the patient may experience the most profound physiologic and psychological changes in her life. There is plenty of evidence in the literature suggesting an association between periodontal diseases, pregnancy and even preterm low birth weight deliveries. The link between periodontal infections and preterm birth has been one of the frontiers in dental research. The correlation has been expanded from periodontitis and preterm birth to various forms of periodontal infections and adverse pregnancy outcome, preterm birth, low birthweight, stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth retardation and pre-eclampsia.2,3,4 Pregnancy provides an ideal opportunity to improve women’s health practices. Prenatal care entails regular and frequent medical visits, so that women are or can be motivated to improve their health for the benefit of the developing fetus. Since maternal oral flora and oral hygiene practices are predictors of the oral flora and oralhealth of infants and children, a pregnant woman’s knowledge and actions concerning her oral health are critical to the oral health of her child or children and may be a key to childhood caries prevention. Certain oral disease, such as periodontitis or periodontal infection, gingivitis or even caries can affect and influence not only the Maternal oral health but also the oral health of her child. Targeting pregnant women to increase their oral health knowledge may improve their oral health and, thus, the oral health of their children. Maternal oral flora and oral health are one of the greatest predictors of childhood oral flora and oral health.1,2 The interaction between oral and systemic health has long been of interest. It has been shown that pregnant womenhave a higher incidence of gingival inflammation compared to non-pregnant women2,3,4 According to literature in pregnant women the incidence of gingival inflammation observed from 36% to 100 %3,5 These vascular and Hormonal changes can lead to exaggerated immune respone of gingival towards bacterial plaque. 6,7 Good oral hygiene practices, however, can minimize gingival disease during pregnancy.2,7Two case–control studies 8,9 and cohort studies 10,11,12showed that periodontal disease could be an independent risk factor for pre-term birth and low birthweight after adjusting for several known risk factors. 2In fact, treatment of periodontal disease has been shown to reduce pre-term birth. 12,13Other studies have shown additional associations between periodontal diseaseand pregnancy, such as increased risk for development of preeclampsia during pregnancy.14 The purpose of the present study was to assess the awareness regarding periodontal health among pregnant females in Bangalore. The results obtained would serve asbaseline information for planning an oral health education program aimed at improving the oralhealth of pregnant women receiving care in the hospital.Specifically, it would identify areas of deficiency in thewomen’s knowledge and this would be helpful informulating the content of the oral health messages. MATERIALS AND METHOD The presentcross sectionalstudy was conducted in the Gynaecology Department of Government Hospital, K.R. Puram, Bangalore during June to August 2011.The minimum sample size wascomputed using the formula n= z2pq/d2 where p (theprevalence of women with good knowledge) was set at40%. Thus the computed minimum sample size was 271 subjects. This was increased by 10% to 300subjects to accommodate attrition. Hence, three hundred pregnant females who visited the OPD of Gynaecology Department of Government Hospital, K.R. Puram, Bangalorewere taken instudy design using simple random sampling. The subjects were informed about the purpose of the study and only those who gave written voluntary consent were taken into the study. Also, ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board and permission from the head of Government Hospital was also obtained. The questionnaire wasdeveloped and pre-tested on 25 pregnant women toallow for refinement of the questions in order tofacilitate answering(Table 1). Questionnaires wereadministered to all consenting pregnantwomen who attended the antenatal clinic during thestudy period.The questionnaire contained two segments. The first part contained inquiries on the participant’s sociodemographic qualities, for example, age, occupation, monthly income and educational status. The second part contained fifteen questions pertaining to participant’s awareness regarding knowledge of relationship between oral health and pregnancy, knowledge about oral health, knowledge about oral hygiene, dental appointment during pregnancy, advice regarding necessity of dental health in pregnancy, presence of bleeding gums and whether any of the possible actions were taken to treat or reduce the gingival problems along with their compliance for the treatment. Each question answered â€Å"Yes† was given a score of 1 while for â€Å"No†, score 0 was given. Thus, the maximum achievablescore was 15 with a higher score indicating a high level of awareness. Individuals with scores of 11 and abovewere graded as having high awareness, those having scores from 6 to 10 were having average awareness while those with scores 5 or less were having low awareness. Awareness of periodontal health, according to age and educational qualifications of the pregnant females was also considered in the study. The results obtained from the periodontal health awareness questionnaire were compiled and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 19.0. Descriptive statistics were reported as well as cross-tabulations by age, parity, education and occupation. For the purpose of analysis thelevel of education was categorized as low (primaryeducation only), middle (secondary education) andtertiary (post secondary education).Inference on the cross-tabulations were performed, using chi-square tests to test for general association. A probability value of RESULTS Sociodemographic features of study participants The mean age of our studypopulation was 24.97+4.343years (range 18–35 years)with the majority of the study population in the 18-25 (59.3%) and 26-30 (33%) years old categories. Over half (53.7%) of the respondents wereprimigravida while the remaining women had between1 and 5 children. Out of the total study population, 2.3% had primaryschool education, 10.7% secondary schooleducation, 33.3% attained post secondary educationand 53.7% attended university (Table 2). Most of the study participants were unemployed(78.3%), followed by employee (21.7%) (Table 2).On theutilization of dental services, 285 (62.9%) respondentsreported ever visiting a dental facility. The mean of questions answered correct by the subject was 4.53 +1.814 with a range of 1 8.Majority, i.e. 60 percent subjects had low awareness and only 40 percent with average awareness and 0 percent with high awareness (Table 3). The results of awareness among pregnant women came out to be statistically non significant (p value > 0.05) irrespective of the age.The results of awareness among pregnant women came out to be statistically non significant (p value > 0.05) irrespective of educational qualifications. DISCUSSION It is worth sayin that good oral health in pregnancy is very important factor, as recent trends showed that the poor oral health can lead to unfavourable pregnancy results. This is important in context of developing countries like india, where high mortality rate present.Most of the common oral diseases present during pregnancy (i.e. periodontal disease) are preventable only by using simplest measures like regular flossing and tooth brushing.A person’s knowledge, attitude and oral health would influence and generate such positive behaviour which is the ultimate result of person’s awareness.15 Thus, this study wasdesigned to provide a view of periodontal awareness among pregnant females in Bangalore. The present study showed low awareness(60%) among majority of the study population followed by average awareness among rest 40% of the participants. The results of the present study were similar to study conducted by HA Alwaeli SH Al-Jundi (2005)16who concluded that knowledge and awareness for pregnant women about their teeth and gingival condition is generally poor. Pregnant women need accurate information about their teeth and oral health. Simple educational preventive programmes on oral self-care and disease prevention before and during pregnancy should be provided to improve oral health.Another similar kind of study was conducted by Kim A. Boggess; Diana M. Urlaub, Merry-K Moos etal (2011)1and concluded that pregnant women have some oral health knowledge, which varied according to maternal race or ethnicity. Their beliefs varied according to their education levels. Including oral health education as a part of prenatal care may improve knowledge regarding the importance of oral he alth among vulnerable pregnant women, thereby, improving their oral health and that of their children. The awareness among pregnant women came out to be low below 25 years of age.The awareness among pregnant women came out to be average above 25 years of age.When the results were compared of above and below 25 years of age the awareness came out to be nonsignificant with average awareness among above 25 years of age. This study is not without limitations. Onelimitation is its reliance on self-reported data, which isoften subject to biases inherent to questions being askedsuch as recall bias. Nonetheless, the results wouldserve as a veritable tool for designing and specifyingappropriate oral health education messages forpregnant women receiving antenatal care. CONCLUSION A majority of the pregnant women has good knowledge and information about general health; however, their knowledge and awareness regarding periodontal disease, and its effect on the pregnancy and birth outcome is limited. Most pregnant women need more information about oral health, and prevention of gingival and periodontal diseases. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term effect of oral health education programs in maternity care centers on dental health knowledge and behavior of pregnant women. Further studies are needed to determine if there is a strong correlation between periodontal disease and premature labor and whether periodontal therapy or prevention can reduce the risk of premature labor. Studies to assess the role of dental hygienists in designing and promoting information regarding periodontal health awareness and practices among pregnant women in maternity care centers. REFERENCES Boggess KA, Urlaub DM, Moos MK, Polinkovsky M, El-Khorazaty J, Lorenz C. Knowledge and beliefs regarding oral health among pregnant women. J Am DentAssoc. 2011;142(11):1275-82. Loe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta odontol scand. 1963;21:533-51 Jensen J, Lilijmack W, Bloomquist C. The effect of female sex hormones on subgingival plaque. J Periodontol1981;52: 599–602. Nuamah I, Annan BD. Periodontal status and oral hygiene practices of pregnant and non-pregnant women. East Afr Med J. 1998;75:712-4. Ferris GM. Alteration in female sex hormones: their effect on oral tissues anddental treatment. Compendium. 1993 ;14:1558-64. Zachariasen RD. The effect of elevated ovarian hormones on periodontal health:oral contraceptives and pregnancy. Women Health. 1993;20:21-30. Raber-Durlacher JE, van Steenbergen TJ, Van der Velden U, de Graaff J,Abraham-Inpijn L. Experimental gingivitis during pregnancy and post-partum:clinical, endocrinological, and microbiological aspects. J Clin Periodontol. 1994;21:549-58. Offenbacher S, Katz V, Fetik G, Collins J, Boyd D, Maynor G, et al. Periodontal infection as a possible risk factor for preterm low birth weight. J Periodontol 1996; 67: 1103–1113. Dasanayake A. Poor periodontal health of the pregnant woman as a risk factor for low birth weight. Ann Periodontol 1998; 3: 206–212. Jeffcoat MK, Geurs NC, Reddy MS, Cliver SP, Goldenberg RL, Hauth JC.Periodontal infection and preterm birth: results of a prospective study. J AmDent Assoc. 2001;132:875-80. Offenbacher S, Leiff S, Boggess KA, Murtha AP, Madianos PN, Champagne CM, etal. Maternal periodontitis and prematurity. Part 1: Obstetric outcome of prematurity and growth restriction. Ann Periodontol 2001; 6: 164–174. Lopez NJ, Smith P, Gutierrez J. Periodontal therapy may reduce the risk of preterm low birthweight in women with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2002; 73: 911–924. Jeffcoat MK, Hauth JC, Geurs NC, Reddy MS, Cliver SP, Hodgkins PM, etal. Periodontal disease and preterm birth: result of a pilot intervention study. J Periodontol 2003;74: 1214–1218. Boggess KA, Lieff S, Murtha AP, Moss K, Beck J, Offenbacher S. Maternalperiodontal disease is associated with an increased risk for preeclampsia. ObstetGynecol. 2003;101:227-31. Al Habashneh R, Guthmiller JM, Levy S, Johnson GK, Squier C, Dawson DV, FangQ. Factors related to utilization of dental services during pregnancy. J ClinPeriodontol. 2005;32:815-21. Alwaeli HA, Al-Jundi SH. Periodontal disease awareness among pregnant womenand its relationship with socio-demographic variables. Int J Dent Hyg. 2005;3:74-82. TABLE 1: Questionnaire used for the study Table 2: Socio-demographic characteristics of study population Table 3: Percentage awareness among study population regarding periodontal health

Octopus :: essays research papers

Recently, researchers have discovered the existence of an extremely unique type of octopus. The species, known as the Indo-Malayan octopus, has the ability to alter its shape, form, and color pattern to mimic or imitate other sea creatures in order to avoid predation (2). The discovery of the mimic octopus is noteworthy because no other type of cephalopod is known to have impersonation abilities. The octopus is also not limited to one imitation. Researchers have observed up to eight different formations. The alternations occur depending upon the appetite, surrounding environment, and proximity of predators the octopus encounters (1). In analyzing the formations, behaviors, and predators of the mimic octopus, it is important to isolate the origins of this exclusive, and highly intelligent defense mechanism. Is this means of protection or evolutionary development, one that allows the cephalopod a better means of survival? Or is this the result of observed behaviors where the mimic oct opus becomes aware of the relations occurring in the environment, and successfully imitates a species based upon their ability to subsist when dealing with dangerous predators? The existence of mimic octopi is restricted to the islands of Indonesia, specifically off the coasts off Solawesi, and Bali (3). Surprisingly, the octopi have been viewed during the daylight hours, generally residing near sand tunnels, and holes (1). The octopi enjoy these mounds because they provide a significant source of food, including small worms, fish, and crustaceans. The octopus utilizes its arms to feel for prey, and then captures the food through the use of expanded webs. However, when the animal is attempting to hide itself from possible enemies, the Indo-Malayan octopus can transform itself into a variety of organisms, including fish, sea snakes, and anemones. If the octopus observes a cluster of damselfishes, it will change into a lionfish by swimming above the ocean floor, with arms extended beyond the body (2). The lionfish is known to possess poisonous spikes, which successfully deter the damselfish from preying upon the mimic octopus. Another possible transformation includes the sole fish. The octopus is able to propel itself in a similar manner by forming a leaf-shaped arm that moves it across the ocean floor effortlessly. The octopus's arms are also useful in impersonating the sea snake. Two arms are waved around to appear like a pair of snakes, while the other six are hidden from view. The octopus also changes its color and creates yellow and dark bands across the exposed arms.

Education Essays – Citizenship Education School

How Citizenship instruction is educated and implemented within Scots schools.1. Abstract This undertaking aims to look into how Citizenship instruction is presented and implemented within Scots schools. Scotland differs from the remainder of the United Kingdom in that citizenship as a topic has non been officially introduced, instead it is seen as being ‘active’ and should be taught in all topics across the school course of study, therefore impacting both inside and outside the school. The information presented I this undertaking was gathered during the six hebdomads of my 2nd arrangement in 2008 in a non-denominational province school in East Lothian and was carried out in the signifier of staff interviews and a pupil’s focal point group. During the staff interviews, their positions on the different elements of larning within Citizenship instruction ; knowledge & A ; apprehension, skills & A ; aptitudes and values, were discussed. A pupil’s focal point group was set up and the group discussed ; citizenship in the school: societal & amp ; moral issues, rights & A ; duties, the school & A ; wider community, political relations & A ; democracy and the environment. The consequences show that, the school are actively advancing the elements of citizenship in most countries of its subject’s course of study. Through such capable categories as societal instruction, chemical science and music, the school is supplying students with the cognition, consciousness and accomplishments to confront the usual ‘citizenship issues’ that occurred within it and the wider community. However, if the students are traveling to be led into become active citizens, more attempt demands to be made to do them cognizant of precisely what citizenship is and more significantly, why it is being taught to them. 2. Drumhead In September 2002 citizenship instruction was introduced through a Citizenship order to the National Curriculum in England. The order emphasised that â€Å"learning should guarantee that cognition and understanding about being informed citizens are required and applied when developing accomplishments of question and communicating, and engagement and responsible action.† ( Arthur and Wright, 2001:11 ) Rather than present citizenship instruction as a defined topic into its National Curriculum, Scotland has opted to do its results, cognition and apprehension ; accomplishments and competencies ; values and temperaments ; and creativeness and endeavor, an built-in portion of each topic taught. Thus citizenship accomplishments are integrated across the whole school. In the Scottish Executive’s 2004 paper, A Curriculum for Excellence – the Curriculum Review Group, schools and instructors are asked to bring forth a course of study that will cook the young person of today for maturity, which will â€Å"be less crowded† and will †offer more pick and enjoyment.† â€Å"Our aspiration is to enable all kids to develop their capacities as successful scholars, confident persons, responsible citizens and effectual subscribers to society† . ( Scots Executive, 2004:6 ) . The intent of this undertaking is to look into the execution of citizenship instruction in Scots schools at this minute. For this probe I used qualitative research ; this involved questioning members of staff at all degrees and interceding a pupil’s focal point group, The consequence of my undertaking implies that, whilst the consecutive authoritiess and educational constitutions gain the importance of citizenship instruction in givingâ€Å"pupils the cognition, accomplishments and understanding to play an effectual function in society atlocal, national and international degrees† , ( QCA, 1999 cited by Kerr, 2006: p5 ) most of the students who took portion in the focal point group had no cognition of the term citizenship or the constructs behind it and because of that they failed to recognize its elements within the schools course of study. The students besides showed that their cognition of political relations or democracy was unhappily missing. However when the assorted countries of citizenship were discussed with the students, they realised that they did recognize them and were actively involved in utilizing them. This suggests that, although the term citizenship has little or no conceptual significance to the students, they are deriving practical experience of it through topics in the schools course of study every bit good as through the school as a whole. 3. Statement of intents or aims In its paper; A Curriculum for Excellence – The Curriculum Review Group, the Scottish Executive provinces: â€Å"Our aspiration for all kids and for every immature individual is that they should besuccessful scholars,confident persons,responsible citizensandeffectual subscriberstosociety and at work. By supplying construction, support and way to immature people’s acquisition,the course of study should enable them to develop these four capacities. The course of study should complement the of import parts of households and communities† . ( 2004:12 ) Through the Curriculum for Excellence, the Scottish Executive suggests four capacities of instruction that will be the footing of Scots instruction. These are: Successful scholars, confident persons, responsible citizens and effectual subscribers. Since it is the duty of the whole school to develop the four capacities in all their students, the thrust toward constructing responsible citizens should non come on in isolation instead is should be presented across the whole course of study. â€Å"Activities such as endeavor, citizenship, sustainable development, wellness and creativeness, which are frequently seen as additions, can be built into the course of study framework† .( Scots Executive, 2006:8 ) . Because of these alterations instructors will necessitate to believe about the course of study and how they present it in a different manner. Reflection will be indispensable for their personal development. Teachers will no longer be able to be insular in their ain topic, for every bit good as retrieving to implement the four capacities in their ain topic, they must besides be cognizant of showing them across the school as a whole. Since the Curriculum for Excellence has still to be introduced, the chief intent of this undertaking is to look into how citizenship being presented and implemented in Scots schools at this minute. In order to turn to this inquiry, it was indispensable for me to besides look into the undermentioned sub inquiries:How the school presented citizenship?Did all topics in the schools curriculum do a part to citizenship?Were its students aware of the term â€Å"citizenship† and did they understand the construct behind it?Was citizenship promoted across the school as a whole?In making this undertaking the writer hopes that it will help him in the execution of citizenship instruction in his ain capable therefore bettering his ain instruction pattern. 4. Literature Reappraisal The inquiry of â€Å"what is citizenship? † is really hard to specify ; David Kerr argues that it â€Å" †¦is a contested construct. At the bosom of the competition are differing positions about the map and administration of society.†( Kerr, 2006:6 ) . Kerr’s definition of citizenship instruction is toâ€Å" †¦ encompass the readying of immature people for their functions and duties as citizens.†( Kerr, 2006:7 ) . Audrey Osler and Hugh Starkey province thatâ€Å"Citizenship is a site of political struggle.†( Osler and Starkey, 2005:11 ) . They go on to specify it as â€Å"holding two indispensable facets, foremost a position and a set of responsibilities and secondly a practise and an entitlement to rights†( Osler and Starkey, 2006:6 ) . Olser and Starkey besides argue thatâ€Å" †¦ citizenship is likely instantly experienced as a feeling of belonging.†( Osler and Starkey, 2006:6 ) . An account in a Scots Executive paper offers the account thatâ€Å"Everyone belongs to assorted types of community, both communities of topographic point, from local to planetary, and communities of involvement, rooted in a common concern or purpose.†( Scots Executive 2000:8 ) Concluding thatâ€Å"Citizenship involves basking rights and exerting duties in these assorted types of communities†( Scots Executive 2000:8 ) . Harmonizing to the Citizenship Foundation,â€Å"It[ citizenship ]refers non merely to rights and duties laid down in the jurisprudence, but besides to general signifiers of behavior – societal and moral – which societies expect of their citizens.†( The Citizenship Foundation 2006:2 ) . These different definitions do look to place a common subject of citizenship, viz. that, in order to be a viewed as a full member of their community, people need to actively exert their rights and duties in three countries ; civil, societal and political. ( Marshall, 1964 cited by Kennedy, 1997:67 ) . Historically the roots of citizenship can be found in Sparta, antediluvian Greece where â€Å"civilian responsibility scrupulously performed was besides expected of the good citizen. This would affect virtuous obeisance to the Torahs and engagement in the Assembly†( Heater, 2004:11 ) . This earliest signifier of citizenship, which was besides a characteristic of ancient Rome, may befar removed from the construct of it as we understand it today but it did signal a definite motion off from the old bossy signifier of regulating. Throughout the ages citizenship continued to develop and hold found look in many diverse societies and civilizations as far apart as post-revolutionary France and post-independence USA – where it was enshrined in the fundamental law and served as the accelerator for social alteration – to the European Union of today where the proposed individual fundamental law is to a great extent predicated on the thought of a ‘European citizen’ as a mechanism to startle the assorted disparate civilizations. Before Citizenship was debut into the course of study in England in 2002 as a discreet topic, it had been antecedently recommended for inclusion twice earlier. Both times saw Britain in crises of war. In 1918, at the terminal of World War 1, thePrimer of English Citizenshipwas published by Frederick Swannâ€Å" †¦ to back the moral character of the British Citizen.†( Brandom, 2007:269 ) . The Association for Education in World Citizenship, ( AEWC ) , was setup in 1935 to,â€Å"preserve the democratic cloth of society in response to the rise of totalitarianism† .( Brandom, 2007:269 ) . Despite the AEWC’s construct of citizenship being adhered to in schools in the post-war old ages, there was no official add-on of citizenship as a topic into the course of study. Harmonizing to Anne-Marie Brandom, citizenship was given â€Å"some signifier legislative recognition†( 2007:270 ) in the 1988Education Reform Actbut the course of study time-table was so overcrowded that it failed to be implemented. Recommendations were besides made in a 1990 study,Encouraging Citizenship, as to ways of â€Å"easing societal citizenship through schools, voluntary attempts and public services† ( Arthur and Wright, 2001:7 ) but once more there was thin application of it. In the latter portion of the 1990’s politicians were concerned with the gradual diminution of British civilization and society. This impairment was peculiarly prevailing amongst the states young person and because of it, there was a noticeable addition in anti-social behavior, hooky and high school exclusions. To counter this, an consultative group chaired by Professor Bernard Crick was formed toâ€Å"establish the purposes and maps of citizenship ion schools†. ( Brandom, 2007:271 ) The Crick study, ( as it became know ) , categorised citizenship in three lines: â€Å"understanding societal and moral duty ; going involved in the community ; developing political literacy† .( Brandom, 2007:271 ) The Crick study to a great extent relied on the antecedently mentioned Marshall definition of the three elements that make up citizenship ; the civil, the societal and the political. These elements were underpinned by the thought of thekid as a hereafter citizen. ( Brandom, 2007:272 ) One of the recommendations from the Crick study was that citizenship instruction should be given 5 % of course of study clip. That and other recommendations helped organize the demands for citizenship instruction in the Revised National Curriculum 2000. The Revised National Curriculum 2000 incorporates three strands:understanding societal and moral duty ; going involved in the community ; and developing political literacy† ( QCA/DfEE, 1999:6 cited in ( Brandom, 2007:272 ) . As a consequence of these three strands, students are to:become informed citizens ; develop accomplishments of question and communicating ; develop accomplishments of engagement and responsible action.†( QCA/DfEE, 1999:6 cited in ( Brandom, 2007:272 ) Unlike most England, most of Europe, North America and Australia, citizenship has non of all time been officially introduced into the Scots schools course of study. In the 2000 audience paper Education for Citizenship in Scotland stated that citizenship instruction in Scots schools wouldâ€Å"not affect the creative activity of a new capable ‘citizenship education’ – or the version of any individual bing country of the curriculum† .( Scots Executive 2000:16 ) Alternatively it would be done throughâ€Å"combinations of larning experiences set in the day-to-day life of the school, distinct countries of the course of study, cross-curricular experiences and activities affecting links with the local community.†( Scots Executive 2000:16 ) The documents rank of the reappraisal group was chaired by Professor Pamela Munn of Edinburgh University who supported the sentiment of a whole-school attack to citizenship instruction, noticing that: â€Å"To look to turn up ‘citizenship education’ in one peculiar post-14 class of survey would look to be inconsistent with the wide position of instruction for citizenship being advanced in this paper.†( Scots Executive 2000 cited in Arthur and Wright, 2003:16 ) The reappraisal group concluded that citizenship instruction in Scotland isâ€Å"integral to the instruction of pupils and dwelling in the whole course of study and ethos of the school.†( Arthur and Wright, 2003:16 ) . The shortly to be introduced course of study for excellence portions the same positions of the non-introduction of citizenship instruction as a discreet topic. In the 2004 course of study reappraisal group paper ‘a course of study for excellence’ , citizenship instruction is still presented as being a whole-school attack but it besides encompasses the household and the community: â€Å"They should be successful scholars, confident persons, responsible citizens and effectual subscribers to society and at work. By supplying construction, support and way to immature people’s acquisition, the course of study should enable them to develop these four capacities. The course of study should complement the of import parts of households and communities†( Scots Executive 2004:12 ) In 2006 ‘a course of study for excellence’ advancement and proposal was published. This paper was follow up to the 2004 course of study reappraisal group paper antecedently discussed. Again the whole-school attack is advocated, this clip with outside support fromother administrations, doing citizenship instruction wholly active non merely across the whole school or local community but globally. â€Å"The whole school has duty for developing the four capacities in every kid and immature individual. This has deductions for the parts of each grownup who supports kids and immature people, and for whole-school policies, planning and partnerships with other organisations.†( Scots Executive 2006:8 ) 5. Results The focal point of this undertaking was to look at how citizenship was both presented and implemented within my 2nd placement school. I farther investigated its execution within my ain topics section and besides looked for grounds of cross-curricular activities. For the intents of researching this undertaking, I conducted staff interviews and mediated a pupil’s focal point group. This allowed me look into which elements of citizenship were included by the staff whilst learning their ain topic. It besides provided me with every bit pot as to the extent of the staff and students cognition and apprehension of citizenship. In looking at learning citizenship within my ain topic I designed four lessons on universe music. This gave my category and I the chance to analyze other civilizations and their music. The stuffs produced which were specific to the civilizations we were look intoing ; Brazil, Cuba, Indonesia and Ghana. Through the lessons the category were able to ; discourse the background to the music and how the music made them experience, develop their practical accomplishments by playing the music both separately and as a group and larn how to listen efficaciously. ( To most pupils music is a background noise ; they ‘hear’ music in a lift, in a shopping Centre and on their MP3 participants as they study. ) Teaching music and citizenship in this ‘active’ manner allowed me much range for personal contemplation, inquiring myself ; what went good, what needed to be improved and what would make otherwise following clip? This in bend helped with my ain personal development no n merely as a music instructor but as a ‘whole’ instructor. 6. Methods In researching this undertaking I decided to utilize a assortment of different methods. My chief grounds for this was that in my old research undertaking I used observation as the chief line of my probe and I felt that if I used a assortment of research methods this clip I could anticipate better responses from both staff and students likewise. 6.1 Staff interviews Through the schools trustee, meetings were arranged with members of staff who were willing to notice on how citizenship has been implemented in their section in the school. The staff members I met up with were: the Citizenship Co-ordinator, the Head of the Department for Science, the Head of the Department for Social Education and a instructor from the music section. A meeting of 15 to twenty proceedingss with each of the above staff members was arranged. I had prepared and circulated a figure of cardinal inquiries in progress of the meetings. ( Appendix 1 ) . The inquiries focused on how citizenship is delivered in both their section and through the school as a whole. I asked each member of staff for permission to tape the interviews I conducted and all agreed. This enabled me to look into the inside informations I had written down against the recordings, therefore guaranting that my analysis was accurate and presented a true contemplation of their positions. what are the Advantages/disadvantages? The interviews with the staff members proved to be really successful, with all my purposes and aims being met. At the terminal of each interview they besides agreed to do themselves available by electronic mail to clear up any issues that might hold arisen whilst I was composing up the research. 6.2 Pupil’s focal point group With the schools permission, a focal point group dwelling of a cross subdivision of S1 to S6 students was arranged to take topographic point one lunch period. A sheet incorporating the chief subject headers of the treatment was given to the students taking portion in order to give them clip to fix for it. ( Appendix 2 ) . My undertaking as the go-between of the group was to maintain the treatment unfastened ended whilst maintaining it on the subject. To assist maintain them farther on topic and aid direct their thought I wrote the capable headers of the subjects to be discussed on the room’s whiteboard. A high degree of pupil interaction ensued, from which the information for this study emerged. This method of garnering informations from the students has it advantages and disadvantages. The advantages being that it allows for a non-threatening attack therefore ensuing in an unfastened uninhibited treatment. The usage of this method besides gave the students a manner to discourse and if need be, dispute each other’s positions in a safe, friendly, non-threatening environment. The Disadvantage of carry oning the focal point group was that a few of the stronger personalities began to act upon and take over group treatment thereby doing it hard for the quieter pupils to aerate their positions. Because of this I often asked the group if everyone agreed with a remark made or asked if that was what everyone idea. I besides called on a twosome of students by name to detect their sentiments on remarks made. I once more asked and received permission from the school and the students to enter the focal point group treatment ; this allowed me to intercede the group without holding to rapidly compose down what was being said. In making this I was able to accurately summarize the content of the treatment at a ulterior clip. Twelve students, two from each twelvemonth, attended the focal point group and their parts to it will be analysed in the undermentioned chapter. 7. Analysis From the beginning it needs to be recognised that with merely four staff members interviewed and one pupils’ focal point group conducted, the findings presented in this professional undertaking can merely be regarded as being preliminary, nevertheless, my research did bring out a figure of interesting findings refering the execution of citizenship within the school. The balance of this subdivision will analyze the positions and sentiments made during both the interviews with the staff members and the pupil’s focal point group. Because merely four staff members were interviewed, their positions are presented individually, therefore leting for a more elaborate geographic expedition of them. 7.1 Staff interviews Meeting One: Coordinator of Citizenship This staff member was honest in explained to me that he was new to the school and that although portion of his responsibilities included being the Coordinator of Citizenship he was still seeking to familiarize himself with the duties and responsibilities refering it. He is at the minute set abouting an audit on Citizenship within the school in which he was looking at ; where the school is at with it, what repeat between the sections there is and what the school demand to make more away. He knew from meetings he had attended within the school that all sections had Citizenship listed as something they were to look at in their betterment programs but until he knew the consequence of his audit he wouldn’t cognize if or how it had been implemented. He told met the school was seeking to incorporate Citizenship instead than hold it viewed as a â€Å"bolt on’ . Assorted schemes had been introduced this school twelvemonth such as junior and senior pupil councils, both of which had a budget, the re-establishment of houses and house captains and the execution of activity yearss such as â€Å"succeed and enterprise† through-out the twelvemonth. Meeting Two: Head of Department for Science This member of staff expressed that she was worried when she agreed to be interviewed that her section would be found to be missing in incorporating the elements of citizenship instruction into their instruction, nevertheless, the audit she did on her section proved these fright to be baseless. Knowledge and Understanding are promoted in Science utilizing subjects such as ; eco chemical science, genetic sciences and atomic chemical science. In eco chemical science the students study the environment, the effects of pollution on it and planetary heating. Geneticss trades with the ethical issues of familial technology. Nuclear chemical science looks at atomic power and what options are available. Skills and Aptitude: it was explained to me that the school ran their Higher course of study over two old ages, therefore gave the section clip to include developing the students accomplishments of presenting, treatment and debating. Through group work where the students are encouraged to believe critically about the subjects covered and the experiments they are asked to execute. They are encouraged to larn and happen out through research, analysis and geographic expedition after which their consequences are presented to the remainder of the groups/teams where they are argued, discussed and debated. An illustration of this is the genetic sciences unit in which familial technology and trial tubing babes are discussed. Informed statements are given for and against, the students are encouraged to gain that there is no right or wrong here merely their sentiment. Valuess: the scientific discipline section has a set of regulations for regard ; students are encouraged to esteem themselves and their equals and instructors. They are taught to esteem the schoolroom and the equipment within it. They are besides taught to value the sentiment of others, as all points of position are valid. Respect for the wider community, the environment and the planet are amongst other values taught. Meeting Three: Head of Department for Social Education This member of staff was really experient in showing and presenting the societal instruction programme, he demonstrated an obvious apprehension of how citizenship should be integrated in the course of study and across the school as a whole. Knowledge and Understanding: Social Education is timetabled for an hr a hebdomad for 1st to 4th twelvemonth students and for two hours a hebdomad for 5th and 6th. Within Social Education cognition and apprehension are promoted utilizing such subjects as ; money and the universe of banking, sex instruction, right and duties, equal chances, personal development, callings education, societal development, where the school sits within East Lothian, within Scotland and the universe as a whole, drugs and intoxicant instruction and maintaining safe. Within the rights and duties unit students are taught the schools anti-bulling policy, any major bulling incidents result in the issue of a rights and bulling contract, this has resulted in a 95 % success rate of them being resolved in school. Skills and Aptitudes: promoting and developing accomplishments in students to get by with a altering multi-cultural universe, being taught regard for others and acceptance through a partnership with themselves, the school, their parents and the constabulary, that their school is a contemplation of society – what they learn in school can model and determine society, communicating and group work/ teamwork, organic structure linguistic communication and get bying accomplishments for both the schoolroom and society – accomplishments and schemes are provided to assist the students cope within their equal group and besides assist them to avoid being coerced into sex, taking drugs or imbibing intoxicant, critical thought – students are encouraged to gain that during arguments there are no right or incorrect replies, they are given relevant information so that they can do an informed pick, they are taught to believe, brace and portion – students are asked to belie ve of their ain sentiment on a topic, brace up with a spouse and discourse it, take portion in a group treatment, feed back to the category therefore advancing effectual part and critical thought. Valuess: within the Social Education lessons students are expected to esteem themselves, their equals and their instructors. They are taught to esteem the schoolroom and to make a safe environment for everyone within it. Through their partnership with the constabulary, the school and their parents they are taught to esteem the jurisprudence, democracy and justness. They are taught to stand up for themselves and support their ain point of position. Meeting Four: Music Teacher This member of staff was new to the section and radius of her experience both in that and her old school. Disappointingly, she expressed uncertainties as to why universe music should be taught as portion of the course of study. Knowledge and Understanding are promoted in music through utilizing such subjects as universe music. In universe music the students study music from Cuba, Brazil, Ghana, India and Indonesia, larning about their civilization, the instruments they use and the differences between their music and music from the West. Students are besides taught non to blow the planets resources by exchanging off electrical equipment when it is non in usage. Skills and Aptitude: a big portion of developing accomplishments and aptitudes in music is done through the engagement in different events with in the community. The music section has taken students to entertain the senior citizens at Christmas clip, had pupils participate in the Rotary club’s immature instrumentalist of the twelvemonth competition and has been invited to sing/perform at the gap of a new primary school and lodging association. Students are encouraged to fall in the assorted orchestras and bands that the school runs therefore giving them the chance to work in groups and construct squad work. Opinions can besides be communicated through vocal authorship. Valuess: students are taught to esteem themselves, their equals and both the schoolroom and instrumental instructors. The section besides teach students to esteem all genres of music and to hold regard for the schoolroom and the equipment within it. 7.2 Pupils focal point group As was outlined before in this undertaking, a focal point group session was carried out in order to find the pupils’ cognition and apprehension of citizenship and how it was taught to them both officially and informally. At the on-set of the session the significance of citizenship was briefly discussed with the group, after which there was a directed treatment on six different issues refering it. The treatment produced the undermentioned consequences: Issue One: Citizenship in the school The students highlighted a figure of activities that they though had helped them to develop both personally and socially. These included engagement in school trips to Germany and Switzerland, cultural visits such as a visit to the Royal Scottish Museum and a community committednesss plan, which involved picking up litter, endeavor, presentations and school shows. Issue Two: Social & A ; Moral issues The Pupils discussed their engagement in implementing the schools’ anti-bullying enterprises which ab initio had started as a 5th twelvemonth community undertaking. They felt that racism was non a job in the school. The students put frontward one point of grudge of non being allowed to run any fund elevation activities in the school. They felt they would wish the chance to raise money for worthy causes. Issue Three: Rights & A ; duties The students felt they had a voice in the school through both the junior and senior pupils’ councils. Their representatives were democratically elected and attended regular meetings of the councils provided a vehicle where pupil’s issues could be raised. Students are besides put into houses, which have house captains. The houses are awarded points for good behavior, attending, competition wins etc. Issue Four: The school & A ; wider community There was much grounds of an engagement in the wider community. As portion of the antecedently mentioned community committednesss plan some students had sang at the gap of a new primary school and had read poesy read poetry the occupants of an old people place. Issue Five: Politics & A ; Democracy There was small grounds of any cognition of political relations or democracy apart from the students who had or were analyzing Modern Studies. Issue Six: The environment Students noted that, the school runs an Eco Club in which both instructors and students discuss manner of salvaging the environment, ( local, national and universe ) . They felt that more recycling could be done within the school. There was merely one recycling bin and that was in the teachers’ auto park. The group had asked for money to supply sections with their ain recycling bin but their petition was denied. 8. Decisions In roll uping the grounds from students and staff and through observation of the bringing of citizenship at whole school degree, it is clear that the range of citizenship is far-reaching. Areas such as rights and duties, political relations and democracy, community public assistance, informed decision-making, regard for others and a scope of participatory activities, provided a rich beginning of grounds. The student focal point groups and teacher interviews revealed clear grounds that elements of the above subjects were covered through the bringing of distinct capable content. In peculiar, the content of Modern Studies included a more comprehensive survey of political establishments and political democratic procedures more finitely than any other curricular country. However, curricular topics such as English and History provided subjects which examined rights and duties and political relations and democracy through the survey of war and the moral issues involved. The survey of Geography and the distinct scientific disciplines besides provided survey of the environment. Religious and Moral Education explored societal and moral issues and encouraged thoughtful and responsible action and an grasp of developing states, analyzing poorness, dearth and drouth. Home Economics developed pupil cognition and apprehension of dietetic issues, healthy feeding and the importance of hygiene. Physical Education encouraged healthy life styles and the grasp of the construct of ‘healthy head, healthy body’ . Subjects included in the Business Education and Information Technology section, for illustration, Business Administration developed an grasp in students of money direction and endeavor and, besides, allowed students to reflect on the impact of engineering on day-to-day lives. Modern Languages developed consciousness of the importance of different civilizations and the installation to go abroad enhanced the development of foreign linguistic communication accomplishments and the grasp of foreign civilizations at first manus. Art and Design allowed pupils the chance to develop originative ability and provided an alternate agencies of look. However, although the above curricular topics delivered facets of citizenship through pervasion, the Personal and Social Development ( PSD ) programme allocated dedicated clip to many facets of citizenship, including rights and duties, for illustration, in relation to smoke, intoxicant, sexual issues and moral quandary. Furthermore, this topic provided the chance for unfastened treatment, promoting students to be tolerant of dissension and minority positions and to heighten their decision-making accomplishments through working with others. In add-on, the project of work experience arrangements promoted a direct nexus to the universe of work. This was further enhanced by the installation of mock interviews for students by representatives of the concern community prior to go forthing school. The aid of Careers Scotland besides impacted on pupils’ attitudes to go forthing school. My observations of citizenship at whole-school degree revealed citizenship in action to which the students involved seemed wholly committed. Activities observed included Education Action where representatives from developing states addressed whole-school assemblies. This was a consequence of a instructor at the school holding visited Uganda, which led to pupils going actively involved in fund-raising for Uganda. The assembly provided the chance for students to manus over a check as a consequence of their fundraising activities. A farther assembly demonstrated S4 students giving whole-school presentations on their work experience, leting them to develop their personal qualities and accomplishments and to do a utile part to their fellow students. The student council, to which category representatives were elected, besides provided the chance for students to take part and lend to the wider life of the school. Unfortunately, nevertheless, I was unable to detect meetings during my arrangement as these were postponed owing to preliminary scrutinies. Other whole-school activities included Young Enterprise, pupil engagement in assorted competitions, debating and Duke of Edinburgh Award, all designed to develop the accomplishments included in the development of citizenship. In decision, it is my position that students frequently did non appreciate when citizenship was being delivered. It was merely through treatment at focal point groups that they came to gain to the full what citizenship entailed. This possibly suggests that, in Scots instruction, citizenship is frequently inexplicit in its bringing through distinct curricular countries. As indicated earlier, PSD is much more expressed, in both content and bringing, yet pupil perceptual experience of this topic is possibly non every bit high as other topics, which are assessed at national degree. However, my overarching decision is that pupil engagement in citizenship was at its strongest through active engagement by students. When allocated a distinguishable undertaking or, so, when this undertaking was suggested by a student, and when given duty to see the undertaking through to a successful decision, students responded with motive, finding and enthusiasm. Such activities involved students in informed decision-making, demoing regard for others, being responsible and developing personal accomplishments and qualities. From my observations, nevertheless, I would reason that the greatest nothingness is the absence of developing political literacy in students. Unless pupils survey Modern Studies, and numerically really few bashs, so I fear many students will go forth school politically illiterate to a greater or lesser extent. This, I would propose, is an insufficiency in Scots instruction, which needs to be addressed. 9. Deductions and Recommendations This undertaking has investigated the presentation and execution of citizenship in Scots schools. The research gathered whilst analyzing citizenship in both the topic course of study and the school as a whole would look to back up the thought that citizenship is taught more successfully when it is spread through out the whole course of study instead than being presented as a discreet topic. Although most students did non cognize the term ‘citizenship’ , they gained practical experience of the elements of it through the schools capable course of study and through the school as a whole. The school course of study is already overcrowded ; a audience paper calledEducation for Citizenship in Scotlandconcluded on the challenges of capable pick in Scots schools that, â€Å"the response to this state of affairs should non be to qualify any individual class of survey of ‘citizenship education’ as portion of each pupils core programme.( Scots Executive, 2000: p26 ) . In reasoning this undertaking there are three recommendations its writer would do to assist take citizenship instruction frontward in Scots instruction:Students need to be actively involved in citizenship instruction, taking portion in arguments, treatments, enterprises and undertakings.Rather than go forth political relations and democracy to modern surveies, ( which after 2nd twelvemonth becomes an optional topic ) , some survey of them needs to be included someplace else in the course of study. Not to make so, will bring forth students who are politically uninformed.Rather than do citizenship instruction a discreet capable, as it is in England, Scotland should go on implementing it as portion of the ethos of the school and portion of the course of study as a whole.Bibliography Andrews, G. ( 1991 ) , Citizenship. Lawrence and Wishart Limited, London. pp. 21 – 26. Arthur, J. and Wright, D. ( 2001 ) . Teaching Citizenship in the Secondary School. David Fulton Publishers Ltd London. pp. 5 – 16. Cogan, J.J. and Derricott, R. ( 1998 ) . Citizenship for the twenty-first Century: An International Perspective on Education. Kogan Page Limited, London. pp. 2 – 4. Kennedy, K.J. ( 1997 ) . Citizenship Education and the Modern State. Falmer Press, London. pp. 67 – 69. Scots Executive Education Department Report. ( 2001 ) . Education for Citizenship in Scotland: A Paper for Discussion and Development. Scots Executive. ( 2000 ) . National Priorities in School Education. [ on-line ] . Crown Copyright, Scottish Statutory Instrument No 443. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/education/nationalpriorities/priorities.asp, ( p. 1 ) .